PSA (prostate-specific antigen) is a protein made by both normal and cancerous prostate cells. It is found in the blood and can be measured with a blood test. The PSA test, which was first developed by Roswell Park Cancer Institute, is often used to follow men after prostate cancer treatment. Rapid increases in PSA readings can suggest cancer. If you have a mildly elevated PSA, you and your doctor may choose to check PSA levels on a scheduled basis and watch for any change.

A digital rectal exam, or a DRE, is another way to detect prostate cancer. In this exam, a doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the man's rectum to feel the prostate for any irregular or abnormally firm area that might be a cancer. Most prostate cancers begin in the part of the gland that is nearest the rectum and can be reached by a rectal exam. This exam is also used once a man is known to have prostate cancer in order to help predict whether the cancer has spread beyond his prostate gland.

If your symptoms or test results suggest cancer, your doctor will refer you to a specialist (a urologist) for a prostate biopsy. A biopsy is usually done in the doctor's office, and involves the removal of small tissue samples from the prostate for examination under a microscope.